Footnotes

1. By William Crochot. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/9/93/Nervous_system_diagram-en.svg

Components of the Pain Matrix

1. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 116.

2. Guyton et al. 2006, p. 596

3. Guyton et al. 2006, p. 737

4. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 114

5. Guyton et al. 2006, p. 736.

6. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 192

7. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 115

8. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 185

9. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 117

10. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 114

11. Mense 2013, p. 628.

12. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 115

13. Damasio 1994, p. 181

14. Damasio 1994, p. 183

15. Apkarian et al. 2008

16. Apkarian et al. 2013, pp. 115-6

17. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 115

18. Damasio 1994, p. 182

19. Van Der Kolk 2015, p. 63

20. Damasio 1994, p. 184

21. File:BrainCaudatePutamen.svg: User:Leevanjackson, unmodified, via Wikimedia Commons. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_%282%29.svg/800px-Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_%282%29.svg.png

22. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 114

23. Guyton et al. 2006, p. 737

24. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 115

Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) or Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control (DNIC)

1. Heinricher et al. 2013, p. 139-40.

Connective Tissue Damage

1. Material in this section is from Linetsky et al. 2013, pp. 892-5.

Control

1. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 24.

2. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 25.

Conversion Disorders or Hysteria

1. Fishbain 2013, p. 276.

2. Fishbain 2013, p. 276.

Core Intuitions and Core Behaviors

1. Pinker 2002, pp. 219-21.

2. Pinker 2002, p. 224.

3. Wall 2000, p. 18.

4. Pinker 2002, p. 271.

5. Pinker 2002, pp. 269-70.

6. These were presented in Psychological Review, vol. 99, 1992.

Correlation and Causation

1. Jensen et al. 2007.

Culture and Pain

1. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 18.

2. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 15-17.

Debates of the 90s

1. Wailoo 2014, pp. 136-8.

2. Dr. Stratton Hill, quoted in Wailoo 2014, p. 137.

3. Wailoo 2014, pp. 138.

4. Wailoo 2014, p. 141.

5. Wailoo 2014, pp. 141-2.

6. Dr. Hurwitz is quoted in Wailoo 2014, p. 142.

7. Dr. Hurwitz is quoted in Wailoo 2014, p. 143.

8. Wailoo 2014, p. 142.

9. Reported by Wailoo 2014, p. 142.

10. Wailoo 2014, p. 153.

11. Wailoo 2014, p. 167.

Deception and Self-deception

1. Trivers 2011, p. 298

2. Trivers 2011, p. 13

3. Trivers 2011, pp. 26-7

4. Trivers 2011, p. 43

5. Trivers 2011, p. 10

6. Trivers 2011, p. 90

7. Trivers 2011, p. 59

8. Trivers 2011, pp. 92-3

9. Eagleman 2012, p, 133-4

10. Pinker 2002, p. 182.

11. Pinker 2002, p. 182.

Deep Tissue Injury

1. This account is based on Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 99 et cf.

Depression

1. All results listed in Fishbain 2013, pp. 273-4.

2. Fishbain 2013, pp. 273-4.

3. Fishbain 2013, pp. 273-4.

4. Fishbain 2013, p. 273.

5. Fishbain 2013, p. 273.

6. Fishbain 2013, p. 274.

Dimensions and Flavors of Pain

1. Katz et al. 2011, p. 46

2. Gatchel et al. 2007, p. 598

3. Gatchel et al. 2007, p. 598

4. Guyton et al. 2006, p. 600

5. Guyton et al. 2006, p. 600

Distress and Pain

1. Nahit et al. 2003, p. 759.

2. Nahit et al. 2003, p. 759.

3. Nahit et al. 2003, p. 759.

Does It Hurt, Really?

1. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 21-2.

2. Pinker 2002.

Economic Stakes in Pain

1. Turk et al. 2011a, p. 3.

2. Turk et al. 2011a, p. 4.

3. Turk et al. 2011a, p. 4.

4. Turk et al. 2011a, p. 4.

5. Turk et al. 2011a, p. 4.

6. Turk et al. 2011a, p. 4.

Electromyography

1. Flor et al. 2011, p. 152.

2. Flor et al. 2011, p. 153.

3. Flor et al. 2011, p. 153.

4. Flor et al. 2011, p. 154.

5. Flor et al. 2011, p. 154.

6. Flor et al. 2011, p. 154.

7. Flor et al. 2011, p. 155.

8. Flor et al. 2011, p. 155.

9. Flor et al. 2011, p. 156.

10. Flor et al. 1999.

Emotional Changes

1. Turk et al. 2011b, p. 196.

Epidemiology

1. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 233.

2. References a Monty Python skit.

3. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 233.

Epidemiology of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain

1. Marcus et al. 2013, p. 773.

2. Russell 2013, p. 662.

3. Robinson et al. 2011, p. 322.

4. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 244.

5. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 245.

6. Macfarlane et al. 2013, pp. 244-5.

Epidemiology of Lower Back Pain

1. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 238.

2. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 237.

3. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 237.

4. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 238.

5. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 238.

6. Van Tulder et al. 2013, p. 683.

7. Watson 2011, p. 295.

8. Turk et al. 2011a, p. 4.

Epidemiology of Neuropathic Pain

1. Nikolajsen 2013, p. 915.

2. Scadding et al. 2013, p. 947.

3. Scadding et al. 2013, p. 927.

Epidemiology of Pain Associated with Cancer

1. Cherny 2013, p. 1039.

2. Mantyh 2013, p. 1029.

Episodic Analgesia

1. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 7-10.

Expectation

1. Heinricher et al. 2013, pp. 141-2.

2. Heinricher et al. 2013, pp. 140-2.

3. Heinricher et al. 2013, p. 142.

Facial Expressions

1. Craig et al. 2011, p. 117.

2. Craig et al. 2011, pp, 119-20.

3. Craig et al. 2011, pp. 120-1.

4. Craig et al. 2011, p. 123.

5. Craig et al. 2011, p. 124.

6. Craig et al. 2011, p. 124.

7. Craig et al. 2011, pp. 126-7.

8. Craig et al. 2011, p. 121.

9. Craig et al. 2011, p. 125.

10. Craig et al. 2011, p. 125.

Fibromyalgia, Whiplash, and Myofascial Pain (+CWP)

1. Russell 2013, p. 659.

Free Will, Self-determination, and Responsiblity

1. Pinker 2002.

2. Pinker 2002, p. 182.

3. Wall 2000, p. 12.

4. Wall 2000, p. 12.

Functional Alterations in the Pain Matrix Under Chronic Pain

1. Apkarian et al. 2013, pp. 122-3.

2. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 122.

3. Flor et al. 2011, p. 166.

4. Flor et al. 2011, p. 166.

5. Flor et al. 2011, p. 167.

6. Flor et al. 2011, p. 167.

7. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 122.

8. Apkarian et al. 2013, pp. 122-3.

9. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 123

10. Apkarian et al. 2013, pp. 123-4.

11. Turk et al. 2011b, p. 192.

Functions of the Pain Matrix

1. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 117

2. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 117

3. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 117

4. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 117

5. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 117

6. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 118

7. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 118

8. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 118

9. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 118

Gate Control+

1. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 173-4.

2. Reported in Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 98-9.

3. Heinricher et al. 2013, p. 139.

Headache Pain

1. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 235.

2. Turk et al. 2011a. pp. 3-18

Headaches

1. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 235.

2. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 127.

3. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 127.

4. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 235.

5. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 235.

6. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 235.

7. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 236

Hip Pain

1. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 239.

How We Understand Pain

1. Loeser et al. 2011.

2. Accessible treatments of the way we form and use concepts can be found in Kostere et al. 1990, Lakoff et al. 1980, Lakoff 2004.

Hypnotic Analgesia

1. Rainville et al. 2013, p. 340.

2. Rainville et al. 2013, p. 343.

3. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 28-9.

4. Rainville et al. 2013, pp. 343-4.

5. Rainville et al. 2013, p. 346.

6. Rainville et al. 2013, p. 348.

7. Rainville et al. 2013, p. 348.

8. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 28-9.

9. Rainville et al. 2013, p. 346.

10. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 28-9.

11. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 28-9.

12. Kabat-Zinn 1990.

Ideological Understandings

1. Pinker 2002, p. 2

2. Pinker 2002, p. 133

3. Trivers 2011, pp. 287-8

4. Pinker 2002, pp. 1-2

5. Pinker 2002, p. 133

6. Pinker 2002, p. x

In a Complex Body

1. Turk et al. 2011, p. 154

2. Dommerholt 2019, p. 19

3. Dommerholt 2019, p. 19

4. Linetsky et al. 2013

5. Gerwin 2019, p. 57

6. [Gerwin 2019, p. 58

7. Donnelly 2019

8. Nelson 2019, p. 514

9. Nelson 2019, p. 514

10. Nelson 2019, p. 515

11. Nelson 2019a, p. 589

12. Nelson 2019a, p. 592

13. Nelson 2019a, p. 592

14. Archer 2021, p. 224

15. Archer 2021, p. 486

16. Schleip 2022

17. Archer 2021, p. 225

18. Archer 2021, p. 226

19. Archer 2021, p. 231

20. Archer 2021, p. 231

21. Archer 2021, p. 231

Inadequate Perception of Bodily States

1. Flor et al. 2011, pp. 155-6.

Inflammation and Illness

1. Janig et al. 2013, p. 198.

2. Janig et al. 2013, p. 202.

3. Janig et al. 2013, p. 209-10.

4. Quoted in Melzack et al. 2008, p. 34.

Interpretation Errors

1. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 120.

Introduction to Sequelae and Co-morbidities

1. Fishbain 2013, p. 273.

2. The list is from Fishbain 2013, p. 273.

Joint Pain

1. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 241.

2. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 239.

Joint Pain Physiology

1. Schaible 2013, p. 619.

2. Schaible 2013, p. 614.

3. Schaible 2013, p. 615.

4. Schaible 2013, p. 617.

Knees and Feet

1. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 239.

2. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 240.

3. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 240.

4. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 240.

5. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 241.

Linguistic Understanding

1. Pinker 2002, p. 205

2. Pinker 2002, p. 206

Lower Back Pain

1. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 237.

2. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 238.

3. Marcus et al. 2013, p. 773.

4. Turk et al. 2011a. pp. 3-18

Maladaptive Homeostasis

1. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 206.

Methodological Challenges in Psychology

1. Wall 2000, p. 18.

Mirror Neurons and Empathy

1. Mentioned by Trivers 2011, p. 323

2. Flor et al. 2013, p. 263.

Muscle Pain

1. Mense 2013, p. 628.

2. Marcus et al. 2013, p. 769.

3. Mense 2013, p. 624.

4. Mense 2013, p. 620.

5. Mense 2013, p. 627.

Neural Circuits

1. Illustrations and explanations are based on Guyton et al. 2006, pp. 578-9.

Neurons and Nerves

1. Credited to LadyOfHats. (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.png

2. See Biel 2019, p. 112.

Neurons and Nociceptors

1. Credited to LadyOfHats. (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.png

Neuropathy and Neuralgia

1. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 118-9.

Neuroscientific Thinking

1. Trivers 2011, p. 164

2. Trivers 2011, p. 54

3. Trivers 2011, p. 54

4. Trivers 2011, p. 53

5. Trivers 2011, p. 55

6. Trivers 2011, p. 55

7. Trivers 2011, p. 56

8. Trivers 2011, p. 142

9. Trivers 2011, p. 58

10. Trivers 2011, p. 57

Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Processing

1. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 119.

Neurotransmitters in the Pain Matrix

1. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 119.

2. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 119.

3. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 120.

Non-habituation to Pain

1. Guyton et al. 2006, p. 601.

2. Melzack et al. 2008, p. xi.

Orofacial Pain

1. Macfarlane et al. 2013, p. 243.

Osteoarthritis and Joint Pain

1. Neogi et al. 2013, p. 647.

2. Neogi et al. 2013, p. 647.

3. Neogi et al. 2013, p. 649.

4. Neogi et al. 2013, p. 649.

PTSD

1. Fishbain 2013, p. 274.

2. Sullivan et al. 2011, p. 404.

3. Sullivan et al. 2011, p. 404.

Pain After Healing, a Memory-like Mechanism

1. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 76.

2. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 76-7.

Pain Behaviors

1. Labus et al. 2003.

2. White et al. 1986.

3. Keefe et al. 2011, p. 135.

Pain Definitions

1. See, for example McMahon et al. 2013, p. 94

2. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 45

Pain Intensity

1. Jensen et al. 2011, p. 26.

Pain Measurement

1. Jensen et al. 2011, p. 19.

2. Jensen et al. 2011, p. 19.

Pain Phenomena Involving the Brain

1. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 137.

Pain Receptors or Nociceptors

1. Based on Guyton et al. 2006, Table 46-1, p. 573.

2. Based on Guyton et al. 2006, Figure 46-5, p. 575.

Pain Research

1. Sarno 2006, p. 214.

Pain and Suicide

1. Fishbain 2013, p. 278.

Pain in Muscles and Fascia

1. Robinson et al. 2011, p. 322.

Pain, Will, and Responsibility

1. Wailoo 2014, p. 62.

2. Wailoo 2014, p. 51.

3. Wailoo 2014, p. 54.

4. Wailoo 2014, p. 43.

5. Wailoo 2014, p.68.

6. Pinker 2002.

7. Pinker 2002, viii.

8. Pinker 2002, p. 172.

9. Pinker 2002, p. 151.

Past Trauma Predisposes to Pain

1. Flor et al. 2013, p. 262.

2. Flor et al. 2013, p. 262.

Phantom Limb Pain and Referred Pain

1. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 61-3.

Physician and Patient

1. Russell 2013, p. 676.

Physiological Correlates of Pain

1. Flor et al. 2011, p. 152.

Placebo Analgesia

1. Hróbjartsson et al. 2004.

2. Wager et al. 2013, p. 364.

3. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 26-8.

4. Based on Wager et al. 2013, p. 365.

5. Wager et al. 2013, p. 370.

6. Wager et al. 2013, p. 370.

7. Wager et al. 2013, p. 369.

8. Wager et al. 2013, p. 363.

Postscript

1. Turk et al. 2011a, p. 10.

2. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 31-2.

Psychogenic Pain Disorder

1. Fishbain 2013, pp. 275-6.

2. Sullivan et al. 2011, p. 408.

3. Fishbain 2013, p. 275-6.

4. Robinson 2011a, p. 437.

5. Sullivan et al. 2011, pp. 409-10.

6. Fishbain 2013, pp. 275-6.

Psychological Changes

1. Fishbain 2013, pp.273-4.

2. Sullivan et al. 2011, pp. 406-7.

3. Fishbain 2013, p. 277.

4. Tang et al. 2006.

Psychology Is a Residual Explanation

1. Wall 2000, p. viii.

2. Flor et al. 2013, p. 256.

3. Flor et al. 2013, p. 256.

4. Flor et al. 2013, p. 256-7.

5. Flor et al. 2013, p. 257.

6. Flor et al. 2013, p. 257.

Psychosocial Measures

1. DeGood et al. 2011, p. 76.

2. DeGood et al. 2011, p. 76.

3. DeGood et al. 2011, p. 79.

4. DeGood et al. 2011, p. 81-2.

Pyschological/Behavioral Research

1. Turk et al. 2011a, p. 13.

2. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 17.

Questions Raised by the IASP Pain Definition

1. Loeser et al. 2011.

Reagan's War on Disability

1. Wailoo 2014, p. 99 and pp. 107-8.

2. Wailoo 2014, p. 109.

3. Wailoo 2014, p. 109.

4. Wailoo 2014, p. 109

5. Wailoo 2014, p. 112.

6. Wailoo 2014, p. 117.

7. Wailoo 2014, p. 113.

8. Wailoo 2014, p. 121.

9. Quoted by Wailoo 2014, p. 122.

10. Wailoo 2014, p. 127.

11. Wailoo 2014, p. 127.

Receptor Endings

1. See Archer 2021, pp. 67-71, or any physiology or neurology text for more.

Regression to the Mean and the Placebo Effect

1. Wager et al. 2013, pp. 363-4.

Regulation of Spinal Sensitivity

1. Sandkuhler 2013, p. 97.

2. Sandkuhler 2013, p. 100.

Scientific and Clinical Measurement

1. O'Connor et al. 2011, p. 475.

2. O'Connor et al. 2011, p. 481.

Scratch Reflex

1. Guyton et al. 2006, p. 683.

Secondary Gain

1. Fishbain 2013, p. 280.

2. Fishbain et al. 1999.

3. Fishbain 2013, p. 279.

4. Greenough et al. 1989.

5. Teassell 2001.

Segmental Organization of the Spinal Cord

1. By Grant, John Charles Boileau (An atlas of anatomy, / by regions 1962) (Public domain), via Wikimedia Commons. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Grant_1962_663.png

2. Todd et al. 2013, p. 77.

Selection Bias

1. Jensen et al. 2007.

Sensory Neurons Have Overlapping Sensory Fields

1. Guyton et al. 2006, pp. 577-8.

2. McMahon et al. 2013, pp. 3-4.

3. Guyton et al. 2006, pp. 577-8.

Sensory Neurons Originate in Spinal Nerves

1. Credited to OpenStax College. Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

Sleep and Fatigue

1. Fishbain 2013, p. 276.

2. Sullivan et al. 2011, p. 400.

3. Fishbain 2013, p. 276.

4. Fishbain 2013, p. 276.

5. Fishbain 2013, pp. 278-9.

Smoking

1. Fishbain 2013, p. 275.

Social Learning Leads to Chronic Pain

1. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 20.

2. Flor et al. 2013, p. 270.

Somatization

1. Fishbain 2013, pp. 281-2.

Somatization, Psychogenic Pain, and So Forth

1. Fishbain 2013, p. 280.

2. Fishbain 2013, p. 280.

3. Fishbain 2013, p. 280.

4. Jantos 2007.

5. Quoted in Sullivan et al. 2011, p. 410.

6. Sullivan et al. 2011, p. 399.

Somatoform Pain Disorder

1. Fishbain 2013, pp. 275-6.

2. Sullivan et al. 2011, p. 409.

Some Political History of Pain in the USA

1. Wailoo 2014, p. 62.

2. Wailoo 2014, p. 62.

State of Pain

1. From the Buddha's Sermon at Benares, quoted in Pinker 2002, p. 163. “Pain” is alternatively translated as “suffering.”

Structural Alterations in the Pain Matrix Under Chronic Pain

1. Flor et al. 2013, p. 262.

2. Flor et al. 2013, p. 263.

3. Flor et al. 2013, p. 263.

4. Flor et al. 2013, p. 263.

5. Flor et al. 2013, p. 262.

6. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 125

7. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 126

8. Apkarian et al. 2013, pp. 125-6

9. Apkarian et al. 2013, p. 126

Substance Dependence

1. Fishbain 2013, p.275.

Sympathetic Activity and Hyperalgesia

1. Janig et al. 2013, pp. 208-9.

Sympathetically Increased and Maintained Pain

1. Ringkamp et al. 2013, p. 21.

2. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 112-3.

Sympathy or Scorn?

1. Wailoo 2014, p. 60.

2. Wailoo 2014, p. 62.

3. Wailoo 2014, p. 63.

4. See Wailoo 2014, p. 67 for the idea of a standard popular view of pain. The characterization of that model that appears in my text is my own characterization.

5. Wailoo 2014, p. 75.

6. Wailoo 2014, p. 77, which is quoted from Ronald Melzack, "Pain: Past, Present, and Future," in Pain: New Perspectives in Therapy and Research, ed. M. Weisenberg and B. Tursky, Plenum, 1976.

7. Wailoo 2014, p. 96.

8. Wailoo 2014, p. 109.

The Adaptive Value of Pain

1. Melzack et al. 2008, p. ix

2. Fishbain et al. 2010, p. 598

3. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 5-6

4. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 11-12

The Ascending Tracts

1. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 183.

2. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 189

3. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 189

4. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 186

5. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 186

6. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 187-8

The Autonomic Nervous System

1. Guyton et al. 2006, p. 749

The Brain Stem

1. From OpenStax, CC BY 4.0 , via Wikimedia, unmodified, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg

2. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 132.

3. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 186

4. Panksepp 1998, p. 190

5. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, pp. 186-7

6. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 187

7. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 124

8. Melzack et al. 2008, pp. 191-3

9. Guyton et al. 2006, p. 601.

The Brain's Architecture and its Role in Pain

1. Dostrovsky et al. 2013, p. 190

2. Patrick J. Lynch, http://patricklynch.net Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License 2006; no usage restrictions except please preserve our creative credits: Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator; C. Carl Jaffe, MD, cardiologist. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/

3. Damasio 1994, p. 30

4. Damasio 1994, pp. 94-5

5. Melzack et al. 2008, p. 145

The CBT Model of Behavior in General

1. DeGood et al. 2011, pp. 73-4

2. Dobson et al. 2009, pp. 4-5

The CBT Model of Pain and Pain Behavior

1. Turk et al. 2011. p. xi

2. McMahon et al. 2013 p. 256.

3. Gatchel et al. 2007, p. 606.

4. Turk et al. 2011, p. 10.

5. McMahon et al. 2013, p. 258.

6. McMahon et al. 2013, p. 264-5.

7. McMahon et al. 2013, p. 268.

8. McMahon et al. 2013, p. 268.

9. McMahon et al. 2013, p. 259.

10. Turk et al. 2011, p. 99.

11. Turk et al. 2011, p. 203.

12. McMahon et al. 2013, p. 267.

13. McMahon et al. 2013, p. 258.

14. Turk et al. 2011. p. 194.

15. Otis 2007, pp. 15-16.

The Challenge of Provability

1. Turk et al. 2011b, pp. 189-90.

The Cost of War?

1. Wailoo 2014, p. 196, referencing Pernick, Martin S., A Calculus of Suffering. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.

2. Wailoo 2014, p. 270, referencing Libman, E., "Observations on Sensitiveness to Pain", Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 41, 1926.

3. Wailoo 2014, p. 46.

4. Wailoo 2014, pp. 49-50.

5. Wailoo 2014, p. 55.

6. Wailoo 2014, p. 56.

7. Wailoo 2014, p. 67.

8. Wailoo 2014, p. 40.

9. Wailoo 2014, pp. 46-7.

10. Wailoo 2014, pp. 49-50.

The Descending Tracts and Descending Pain Modulation

1. Heinricher et al. 2013, p. 129

2. Heinricher et al. 2013, p. 130

3. Heinricher et al. 2013, p. 130