Note Text: 609 Non-neuronal helper cells

Humoral mediators secreted by resident or infiltrating pro-nociceptive helper cells may diffuse through the spinal parenchyma [the tissue of the spine] and modify nociception.

In the CNS three types of glial cells can be distinguished: microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The role, if any, of the latter for....

McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 103-4

Note Text: 568 Phenotypic diversity in microglia

This phenotypic diversity includes proliferative, migrational, and phagocytic responses associated with a canon of expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules. These responses are in addition to the immune role of microglia in antigen presentation and T-cell recruitment.

McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 74-75

Note Text: 565 Signaling by microglia

Considerable evidence has identified the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as a candidate family of intracellular mediators. Of the MAPKs, p38 appears to be heavily implicated in microglia-mediated, post-nerve injury pain states and has been identified as the intracellular mediator of P2X4R-brain-derived neurot....

McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 73