Note Text: 1948 Basal ganglia or reptilian brain

[The basal ganglia constitute the oldest part of the triune brain, consisting of midline structures of the brain stem. "Basal ganglia," the "striatal complex," or "corpus striatum" are synonymous.]

This area deep in the brain appears to organize some fundamental aspects of instinctual motor capabilities in animals....

Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 70

Note Text: 1950 Basal ganglia output path for higher systems

The more highly evolved brain regions must still utilize this system [basal ganglia] as a final output pathway for the outside world.

Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 70

Note Text: 681 Nucleus accumbens

This region [within the ventral striatum], usually referred to as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), connects brain regions important for motivational processing with motor systems. The NAc also has the potential to recruit the PAG-RVM system through its connections with the hypothalamus and amygdala. Although the NAc has t....

McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 141

Note Text: 2112 Role of NAc and opioids in behavior selection

[The role of the nucleus accumbens in behavior selection, and its dependence on mu-opioid agonists suggests that morphine may make it easier/more likely to choose behaviors other than sickness behaviors.]

McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 141

Note Text: 1751 Odors and emotions

"Unlike other sensory pathways that pass through the thalamus, olfactory pathways link directly to the mamillary bodies of the limbic system. This is why smells can produce instantaneous and powerful emotional responses."

Archer, P. A., and Nelson, L. A., "Applied Anatomy & Physiology for Manual Therapists", Books of Discovery, 2021, 198

Note Text: 1968 Dorsal striatum receives input from neocortex

Although the dorsal striatum receives many inputs from other brain areas, including amygdaloid nuclei and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, the most massive influence, as mentioned earlier, comes from the neocortex.

Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 77

Note Text: 1949 Structures within basal ganglia

The basal ganglia consist of many substructures, including the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, entopeduncular nucleus, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra (Figure 4.8). Occasionally, the amygdaloid nuclei are included in this category. even though this last structure is now more commonly co....

Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 70