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Behaviorist concepts of psychology have developed without knowledge of brain function. Neuroscientific findings challenge some of the assumptions of behaviorist thinking and lead to a richer picture of the nature of pain,
Refer to Section 539 for an overview of sensory/motor pain. The current section will lead to a picture of pain not as a "sensation," but as a fundamental emotional/motivation process. This section discusses some of the "givens" that must be re-evaluated for an appreciationd of emotional pain.
Clinical psychology and psychiatry attempt to deal at a practical level with the underlying disturbances in brain mechanisms, but neither has an adequate neuroconceptual foundation of the sources of emotionality upon which systematic understanding can be constructed.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 5
The “emotions” are excellent examples of the fictional causes to which we com- monly attribute behavior. B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior (1953)
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 9
What does it mean to be angry or scared, to have anticipations, frustrations, and inten- tions? Investigators began to realize that it adds little to our scientific understanding to try to explain some- thing observable—namely, behavior—in terms of feel- ings and thoughts that could not be directly observed. To this day....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 10
A central, and no doubt controversial, tenet of affective neuroscience is that emotional processes, including subjectively experienced feelings, do, in fact, play a key role in the causal chain of events that control the actions of both humans and animals. They provide vari- ous types of natural internal values upon whi....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 14
It is now well established that one can reliably evoke several distinct emotional patterns in all mammals during electrical stimulation of homologous subcortical regions. Typically, animals either like or dislike the stimulation, as can be inferred from such behavioral criteria as conditioned approach and avoidance. If....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 26
here we will proceed with the data-based premise that the ultimate sources of human feelings are biological and that these foundations are essential for all of the many acquired complexities that characterize the detailed expressions of human emotions in the real world....The traditional distinction between bodily and p....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 20
Although it is self-evident that external events provoke our feelings, emotions actually arise from the activities of ancient brain processes that we have inherited from ancestral species.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 42
Feeling states may have been a neurosymbolic way for the brain to encode, in relatively simple fashion, intrinsic values for the various behavioral options that are open to an organism in a specific situation. Those that help reestablish homeostasis are experienced as good, while those that do not are felt to be either....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 183
Among living species, there is certainly more evolutionary divergence in higher cortical abilities than in subcortical ones.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 4
The human brain can generate many thoughts, ideas, and complex feelings that other animals are not capable of generating.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 4
[Instinctual processes are acknowledged in other animals. E.g., imprinting of birds; response of feeding young seagulls to inanimate models of parents’ red-spotted beaks; aggressive behavior among sticklebacks during mating periods based on red swellings. Such behaviors are less well recognized among humans.]
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 121
For many years, ethologists and behaviorists quarreled over which was the proper approach. We now recognize that each was partially right. (Ethology deals more effectively with the relatively “closed programs" of the brain, and behaviorism deals better with the more “open programs" that permit behavioral flexibility via....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 122
I hope that the lines of evidence summarized here could serve as a foundation for a “new psychology” that recognizes that the discipline must be grounded on solid neuroscience foundations. Although psychology can continue to deal with the loftiest human aspirations, it also must become rooted in the evolutionary realiti....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, viii
The delusion is extraordinary by which we thus exalt language above nature:— making language the expositor of nature, instead of making nature the expositor of language.
Alexander Brian Johnson, A Treatise on Language, as quoted by Frank A. Beach, “The Descent of Instinct” (1955)
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 4`
Although much of the human cortex is multimodal, in that it gets information from many senses, it can only interrelate the types of information which its interconnectivities permit. Although the possibilities for new learning and new concept formation within the human cortex are vast, especially during youth, when corti....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 72
Behaviorism has dealt credibly with the modification and channeling of behavior patterns as a function of learning, but it has not dealt effectively with the nature of the innate sources of behavioral variation that are susceptible^to modification via the reinforcement^ contingencies of the environment.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 5
The LH-SS system activates a unitary motivational process. However, the prevailing intellectual Zeitgeist was not conducive to conceptualizing this single process in psychological terms. This would have required a discussion of the inner neurodynamic aspects of the animal’s “mind"—including perhaps a discussion of the n....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 154
Even though our unique higher cortical abilities, especially when filtered through contemporary thoughts, may encourage us to pretend that we lack instincts—that we have no basic emotions—such opinions are not consistent with the available facts. Those illusions are created by our strangely human need to aspire to be mo....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 21
Fortunately, if one learns the subcortical neuroanatomy of one mammalian species, one has learned the ground plan for all other mammals.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 60
Starting with John Watson’s' 1924 manifesto "Psychology from the Stand- point of a Behaviorist," and followed in 1938 by B. F. Skinner’s "The Behavior of Organisms," most experimentalists looked to the diversity of environmental events and relationships in order to find the factors that control organismic actions. Those....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 10
To argue for the likelihood that homologous processes exist is to seriously diminish the possibility of obtaining research support from geer-reviewed funding sources.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 17
It has traditionally been assumed that feelings and other mental processes are immaterial and hence cannot act as material causes for anything else. Also, it has been difficult to see why internally experienced emotional states would be needed for immediate behavioral control. Neural explanations without any psychologic....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 32
As David Haig once put it, his genes could not care less about him, and he feels the same way toward them.
Trivers, Robert, "The Folly of Fools", Basic Books, 2011, 323
End of included memoes/notes