This page is incomplete. It displays memoes and/or notes.
The brain contains an emotional system that impels the organism to search for needed resources and conditions.
Panksepp's SEEKING system
I would suggest that “intense interest,” “engaged curiosity,” and “eager anticipation” are the types of feelings that reflect arousal of this system [SEEKING] in humans. Obviously, in humans such a neural system has a vast reservoir of cortical potentials to interact with, yielding a menagerie of specific cognitive chan....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 149
there are now many reasons to believe that forethoughts (e.g., positive expectancies/anticipatory states) do in fact emerge from the interactions of the SEEKING system with higher brain mechanisms, such as the frontal cortex and hippocampus, that generate plans by mediating higher-order temporal and spatial information....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 151-2
many need-specific regulatory systems in the hypothalamus can modulate the arousability of the SEEKING system. Interoreceptive neurons, which detect water, energy, thermal, and other imbalances, energize the search for vital resources in part by promoting the arousability of the SEEKING system.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 155-6
The critical circuits for this intrinsic brain function are concentrated in the extended lateral hypothalamic (LH) corridor. This system responds unconditionally to homeostatic imbalances (i.e., bodily need states) and environmental incentives. It spontaneously learns about environmental events that predict resources vi....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 145
In addition, a great number of pathways run through the corridor of the lateral hypothalamus, the best known of which is the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). This is the area where self-stimulation and a variety of stimulus-bound emotive behaviors can be obtained with greatest ease through localized electrical stimulation....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 76
In this context, it is a bit surprising that low doses of opiates activate feeding, but this may be due to the fact that mild opiate stimulation can arouse the SEEKING system.95 At high doses, opiates dramatically reduce the desire for food but also for practically all other rewards.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 184
As the animal encounters a need-relevant reward object and shifts into the consummatory mode, the appetitive urge to move forward ceases temporarily. It is hypothesized that this rapid shift in the patterns of neural activity may establish the neural conditions that engage reinforcement processes in the brain
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 147
Historically, it has been of some interest to determine which aspect of brain stimulation—its onset or offset—is more attractive to an animal. Consider an animal in a chamber with only two objects in sight. During training, “rewarding” stimulation is always turned on when the animal touches one object and off when it to....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 147-8
[The SEEKING system causes anticipatory excitement when cues are repeatedly followed by rewards. This promotes the sense of a causal link between cue and reward.]
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 155-61
...the nonspecific SEEKING system, under the guidance of various regulatory imbalances, external incentive cues, and past learning, helps take thirsty animals to water, cold animals to warmth, hungry animals to food,….[Where does pain lead the organism?]
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 167
the SEEKING system is initially activated by the unconditional distal incentive cues of rewards, such as smells and sights; eventually, through learning, neutral cues can come to arouse and channel activity in this system through a reinforcement process that is linked to the inhibition of approach in some presently unkn....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 147
[The SEEKING system has been mischaracterized as a reward system based on behavioral biases.]
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 151
This harmoniously operating neuroemotional system drives and energizes many mental complexities that humans experience as persistent feelings of interest, curiosity, sensation seeking, and, in the presence of a sufficiently complex cortex, the search for higher meaning. Although this brain state, like all other basic em....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 145
[Research into the SEEKING system showed that stimulation of the system in the lateral hypothalamus encouraged consummatory behavior regardless of the types of consumption that was exhibited. E.g., an animal who received SEEKING stimulation would easily begin eating if the water he’d been drinking were withdrawn or was....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 153
…the SEEKING system can promote many distinct motivated behaviors, and the underlying neural system is prepared to jump to the conclusion that correlated environmental events reflect causal relationships. It is easy to appreciate how this may yield a consensual understanding of the world when the underlying memory reinf....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 161-2
The SEEKING system (see Chapter 8): This lemotional system is a coherently operating neuronal network that promotes a certain class of survival abilities. This system makes animals intensely interested ic exploring their world and leads them to become excited when they are about to get what they desire. It eventually al....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 52
In other words, the unconditional incentive state within the brain may largely consist of the arousal of a psychobehavioral integrative system (e.g., SEEKING) of the brain. An increasing number of studies measuring DA cellular activity, as well as dopamine release in the pathways emanating from the VTA, now indicate tha....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 152
contrary to most other emotional responses, the SEEKING system is commonly tonically engaged rather than phasically active.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 149
Since schizophrenic breaks can also be precipitated by stress, it is especially noteworthy that the mesolimbic DA system (A 10) is highly stress-responsive, more so than the other brain DA systems.98 During stress, certain ascending DA systems become rapidly depleted of DA, with consequent development of hypersensitivit....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 162
in this chapter I will pursue the idea that the mammalian brain contains a “foraging/ exploration/investigation/curiosity/interest/expectancy/ SEEKING” system that leads organisms to eagerly pursue the fruits of their environment—from nuts to knowledge, so to speak. Like other emotional systems, arousal of the SEEKING s....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 145
The SEEKING system is sensitized by (1) regulatory imbalances to yield general arousal and persistent forward locomotion and (2) external stimuli that can either have strong or weak interactions with this emotional system, and (3) it helps mediate appetitive learning so that animals will become eager and exhibit expecta....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 146
End of included memoes/notes