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Communication from the immune system to the peripheral nervous system and CNS, as well as to the endocrine systems, is mediated by cytokines. These molecules can be synthesized and released by all cells and are triggered by all forms of stressors that endanger the integrity of tissues. Cells of the immune system are p....
McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 201
[Fig. 13-1] Central representations of protective body functions has inputs: Illness responses including pain and hyperalgesia; Feedback from body: neuronal, hormonal, immune signals; Environmental perturbation. Has outputs: Illness responses including pain and hyperalgesia; Neuroendocrine responses; Autonomic response....
McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 199
The sickness response to injury or infection has classically been viewed as consisting of fever, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, anorexia, inhibition of exploratory behavior, and increased sleep. Nociceptive responses are also altered as part of the sickness response. Thus, systemic administrati....
McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 140
[Caption for Fig. 13-3] Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and others) activate phagocytic immune cells (macrophages, Kupffer cells in the liver). These activated immune cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The cytokines activate vagal afferents pr....
McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 201
The hypothalamus can influence the immune system via the sympathetic nervous system and therefore control protective mechanisms of the body at the cellular level. The parameters of the immune tissues potentially controlled include proliferation, circulation, and trafficking of lymphocytes; functional activity of lympho....
McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 203
End of included memoes/notes