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Electrical stimulation directly activates the axon and therefore bypasses a peripheral receptor mechanism.
McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 25
Experimental joint pain in a normal joint can be elicited by the application of noxious mechanical and chemical stimuli to fibrous structures such as ligaments and the fibrous capsule.
McMahon, S. B., Koltzenberg, M., Tracy, I., and Turk, D. C., "Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain", Elsevier Saunders, 2013, 609
However, this situation [laboratory pain experiments] differs from clinical pain in two important ways: (1) the subject can always call a halt to the pain, and (2) the subject knows that the experimental stimulus will not produce damage. These are the two points which distress the patient: the pain experienced is out of....
Melzack, R. and Wall, P. D., "The Challenge of Pain (Reprint of 1988 edition)", Penguin Books, 2008
[An EEG study (2004) compared responses of normals, CBPs, and headache sufferers to painful and sub-painful electrical stimulation of finger. CBP patients] displayed significantly lower pain thresholds and tolerance, as well as a reduced habituation....
Turk, Dennis, and Melzack, Ronald, "Handbook of Pain Assessment", The Guildford Press, 2011, 166
...the association between psychological findings and pain frequently noted in pain clinics is less frequently observed in epidemiological studies. [By implication, this is because the populations are different.]
Turk, Dennis, and Melzack, Ronald, "Handbook of Pain Assessment", The Guildford Press, 2011, 13
End of included memoes/notes