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Basic and ancient systems that set the tone of the brain in mammalian species. In turn, the brain sets the tone of body, largely through the autonomic nervous system.
The "humoral" or tone-setting systems of the brain, e.g., the dopamine system, etc. Panksepp calls them "state-control" systems.
Most of the B-endorphin within the brain arises from a clustered group of neurons within the medial hypothalamus. These neurons can also express alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (aMSH) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which generally have behavioral effects diametrically opposite to those of B-endorphin. In....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 112
the brain has active mechanisms for the induction of waking (arousal and attention), as well as distinct endogenously active mechanisms for the induction of SWS and REM.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 128
Although there are many environmental and psychosocial reasons for people to take such drugs, ultimately the only reason there is heroin addiction is because the brain contains mu-opiate receptors. These receptors normally control an animal’s urges to maintain various brain and bodily balances (i.e., homeostatic balance....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 118
[Multiple brain systems tune brain arousal, sensitivity, and attention.]
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 133
[Dopamine release is concurrent with seeking, not with consummation.]
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 155
All motivated and active emotional behaviors, including feeding, drinking, sex, aggression, play, and practically every other activity (except sleep), appear to be reduced as serotonergic activity increases. However, the conclusion that serotonin mediates behavioral inhibition is tempered by the discovery of a vast div....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 111
[Four important neuropeptides in the brain are corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), cholecystokinin (CCK), beta-endorphin, and vasopressin/oxytocin.]
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 112
The neurons that manufacture serotonin are clustered in specific brain stem areas, and they have been divided into nine nuclei, which were given “B” designations. All serotonin nuclei are situated at the very midline (or seam) of the brain indicating that they are very ancient in brain evolution. They are generically ca....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 111
Up to 15 discrete NE and DA cell groups, designated A1 to A17, have been discovered, scattered like islands in an archipelago, from the lower to upper reaches of the hypothalamus, with A16 being in the olfactory bulbs and A17 in the retina (which is still part of the central nervous system). The lower ones (A1 to A7) co....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 109
NE cells are exquisitely sensitive to environmental stimuli, especially powerful emotional events.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 110
[P. 107 contains diagrams of four "tonal" systems of neurons, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine.]
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 107
Pleasure is nature’s way of providing a simple general-purpose coding device for discriminating the relevance of both external objects and internal states, thereby providing a powerful intrinsic motivational mechanism for guiding behavioral choices.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 182
It has been experimentally affirmed that pleasant and unpleasant feelings provoked by external stimuli arise from their ability to predict the alleviation of bodily imbalances. Stimuli that promote a return to homeostasis are routinely experienced as pleasurable, while those that would impair homeostasis are unpleasant....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 182
I discuss (1) the concept of "state control systems" as highlighted by an analysis of the sleep-waking mechanisms in the context of which all behavior has to occur; (2) how SEEKING circuits for interest, curiosity, and eager anticipation help generate expectations and direct animals to the positive rewards to be had fro....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 123
[The sleep-wake cycle is not the only activity cycle that is known to be controlled by brain chemicals. For example, normal human SWS-REM cycles last 90 minutes. Observation of humans verify that humans also have a 90-minute active/less-active cycle when awake.] basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC)
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 129-31
[DA systems restrict their output to the "reptilian brain" (basal ganglia), NE systems affect wider areas.] The ability of these systems to control widespread areas of the brain is especially well highlighted by the best-known NE cell group, the locus coeruleus, the A6 cell group, which controls higher brain activity....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 109
End of included memoes/notes