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This page is incomplete. It displays memoes and/or notes.
The brain contains complex and ancient systems for the maintenance of homeostasis. The pain system may be one of these,
These systems take interoceptive readings of different sorts and, on the basis of those, activate the SEEKING system and others. The similarities between these acknowledged systems and the pain system.
hunger helps signal energy depletion, not necessarily because immediate energy reserves are dangerously low but because certain forms of energy depletion were encoded as affective anticipatory tendencies within the brain during untold aeons of evolutionary development. In other words, it is more adaptive to anticipate f....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 39
Clearly, a broad range of subjective feelings are associated with intense regulatory imbalances and the many specific sensations that accompany the satisfaction of bodily needs—the hungers, thirsts, cravings, and the various sensory delights that arise from interacting with needed resources….[Feelings about homeostatic....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 165
Bodily needs instigate distinct forms of bodily arousal and psychological feelings of distress such as hunger, thirst, and coldness…. Sensations generate pleasure or displeasure in direct relation to their influence on the homeostatic equilibrium of the body. For instance, if one is depleted of energy resources, foods t....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 164
many need-specific regulatory systems in the hypothalamus can modulate the arousability of the SEEKING system. Interoreceptive neurons, which detect water, energy, thermal, and other imbalances, energize the search for vital resources in part by promoting the arousability of the SEEKING system.
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 155-6
There are other regulated systems within the body, many of which do not require immediate interaction with the outside world. When they are out of kilter, we tend to feel ill, a neurochemical response that is partly mediated by the neural effects of immune system chemicals called cytokines such as the interleukins….Thus....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 182
Consider the simple cases of excessive bladder or rectal distention. The concern these sensations often cause derives from the type of social inhibitions that do not seem to worry other animals. Still such feelings of distention can become incredibly insistent, filling our minds with nothing but the urge for relief. The....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 166
...let us not underestimate the complexity of short-term feeding control mechanisms. The signals include (1) many oral factors; (2) a large array of stomach and gastrointestinal factors that act upon various brain mechanisms; (3) a diversity of metabolic factors from various body compartments, especially the liver, whic....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 170
...animals will typically not eat foods that have been followed by illness. All drugs that make animals sick will provoke learned rejections of novel foodstuffs with which the feelings of malaise have been associated. A single incidence of sickness is usually sufficient to establish a specific food aversion, and the ill....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 171
The brain’s ability to generate a variety of subjective feelings during homeostatic imbalances may be nature’s way of providing a simple general-purpose coding device for discriminating the relevance of both external objects and internal states, thereby providing a powerful intrinsic motivational mechanism for guiding b....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 181
End of included memoes/notes