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Neuroscience techniques for brain mapping follow the flows of information into and through the brain via nerve impulses. The brain is also influenced by endocrine and paracrine processes that arrive through other channels and affect brain function in various ways.
THIS MAY BE DUPLICATIVE OR OUT OF PLACE. Should include examples, for example, interleukins, and other 'biotransmitters" that can enter the brain. Some of these are "by design," that is, they are actively or "intentionally" allowed across the blood brain barrier. Others can leak in. An important point is that the effects of these substances follow a different time course than the signal-processing brain does.
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills the ventricles is manufactured by specialized cells of the choroid plexuses that line the ventricles. The CSF is not only a route for the brain to get rid of its waste products but also a major conduit for hormonelike communication and coordination between distant brain areas. It....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 68
[Neuropeptides are used as neuromodulators rather than as transmitters. That is, they regulate the sensitivity of neurons rather than cause them to fire.] Some [neuropeptide circuits] have well-restricted anatomical trajectories, but many can affect widespread areas of the brain via paracrine routes. namely, by means....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 111
Many of the peptides that were first identified as hormones of the body (e.g., oxytocin, vasopressin, prolactin, angiotensin, and ACTH) have now been found to be transmitters or modulators within brain circuits. [Speaks to influence of somatic endocrine systems on brain.]
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 101
Synaptic activity can be terminated by a variety of mechanisms, including (1) active enzymatic degradation of transmitters, (2) specific presynaptic reuptake or transporter mechanisms that extract transmitters from the synaptic cleft and return them into the presynaptic ending, where they can be either degraded or recyc....
Panksepp, Jaak, "Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions", Oxford University Press, 1998, 100
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